Somnambulism.

Somnambulism, also called sleepwalking, classified as a non-rapid eye movement sleep parasomnia, encompasses a range of abnormal paroxysmal behaviors, leading to sleepwalking in dissociated sleep in an altered state of consciousness with impaired judgment and configuring a kind of hierarchical continuum with confusional arousal and night terror. Despite being generally regarded as a benign condition, its potential severity entails social, personal, and even forensic consequences. This comprehensive review provides an overview on the current state of knowledge, elucidating the phenomenon of somnambulism and encompassing its clinical manifestations and diagnostic approaches.

Narcolepsy Severity Scale-2 and Idiopathic Hypersomnia Severity Scale to better quantify symptoms severity and consequences in Narcolepsy type 2.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Narcolepsy type 2 (NT2) is an understudied central disorder of hypersomnolence sharing some similarities with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH). We aimed: (1) to assess systematically the symptoms in patients with NT2, with self-reported questionnaires: Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Narcolepsy Severity Scale (NSS), IH Severity Scale (IHSS), and (2) to evaluate the responsiveness of these scales to treatment. METHODS: 109 NT2 patients (31.4±12.2yo, 47 untreated) diagnosed according to ICSD-3 were selected in a Reference Center for Narcolepsy. They all completed the ESS, subgroups completed the modified NSS (NSS-2, without cataplexy items) (n=95) and IHSS (n=76). Some patients completed the scales twice (before/during treatment): 42 ESS, 26 NSS-2, 30 IHSS. RESULTS: Based on NSS-2, all untreated patients had sleepiness, 58% disrupted nocturnal sleep, 40% hallucinations, and 28% sleep paralysis. On IHSS, 76% reported a prolonged nocturnal sleep, 83% sleep inertia. In the independent sample, ESS and NSS-2 scores were lower in treated patients, with same trend for IHSS scores. After treatment, ESS, NSS-2 and IHSS total scores were lower, with a mean difference of 3.7±4.1, 5.3±6.7, and 4.1±6.2 respectively. The minimum clinically important difference between untreated and treated patients were 2.1 for ESS, 3.3 for NSS-2, 3.1 for IHSS. After treatment, 61.9% patients decreased their ESS>2points, 61.5% their NSS-2>3points, 53.3% their IHSS>3points. CONCLUSIONS: NSS-2 and IHSS correctly quantified symptoms severity and consequences in NT2, with good performances to objectify response to medications. These tools are useful for monitoring and optimizing NT2 management, and for use in clinical trials.

Functional recovery after ischemic stroke: Impact of different sleep health parameters.

Sleep disturbances after ischaemic stroke include alterations of sleep architecture, obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, daytime sleepiness and insomnia. Our aim was to explore their impacts on functional outcomes at month 3 after stroke, and to assess the benefit of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Ninety patients with supra-tentorial ischaemic stroke underwent clinical screening for sleep disorders and polysomnography at day 15 ± 4 after stroke in a multisite study. Patients with severe obstructive apnea (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 30 per hr) were randomized into two groups: continuous positive airway pressure-treated and sham (1:1 ratio). Functional independence was assessed with the Barthel Index at month 3 after stroke in function of apnea-hypopnea index severity and treatment group. Secondary objectives were disability (modified Rankin score) and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale according to apnea-hypopnea index. Sixty-one patients (71.8 years, 42.6% men) completed the study: 51 (83.6%) had obstructive apnea (21.3% severe apnea), 10 (16.7%) daytime sleepiness, 13 (24.1%) insomnia, 3 (5.7%) depression, and 20 (34.5%) restless legs syndrome. Barthel Index, modified Rankin score and Stroke Scale were similar at baseline and 3 months post-stroke in the different obstructive sleep apnea groups. Changes at 3 months in those three scores were similar in continuous positive airway pressure versus sham-continuous positive airway pressure patients. In patients with worse clinical outcomes at month 3, mean nocturnal oxygen saturation was lower whereas there was no association with apnea-hypopnea index. Poorer outcomes at 3 months were also associated with insomnia, restless legs syndrome, depressive symptoms, and decreased total sleep time and rapid eye movement sleep.

Home nocturnal infrared video to record non-rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias.

To assess the feasibility, the acceptability and the usefulness of home nocturnal infrared video in recording the frequency and the complexity of non-rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias in adults, and in monitoring the treatment response. Twenty adult patients (10 males, median age 27.5 years) with a diagnosis of non-rapid eye movement parasomnia were consecutively enrolled. They had a face-to-face interview, completed self-reported questionnaires to assess clinical characteristics and performed a video-polysomnography in the Sleep Unit. Patients were then monitored at home during at least five consecutive nights using infrared-triggered cameras. They completed a sleep diary and questionnaires to evaluate the number of parasomniac episodes at home and the acceptability of the home nocturnal infrared video recording. Behavioural analyses were performed on home nocturnal infrared video and video-polysomnography recordings. Eight patients treated by clonazepam underwent a second home nocturnal infrared video recording during five consecutive days. All patients had at least one parasomniac episode during the home nocturnal infrared video monitoring, compared with 75% during the video-polysomnography. A minimum of three consecutive nights with home nocturnal infrared video was required to record at least one parasomniac episode. Most patients underestimated the frequency of episodes on the sleep diary compared with home nocturnal infrared video. Episodes recorded at home were often more complex than those recorded during the video-polysomnography. The user-perceived acceptability of the home nocturnal infrared video assessment was excellent. The frequency and the complexity of the parasomniac episodes decreased with clonazepam. Home nocturnal infrared video has good feasibility and acceptability, and may improve the evaluation of the phenotype and severity of the non-rapid eye movement parasomnias and of the treatment response in an ecological setting.

Rapid eye movement sleep duration during the multiple sleep latency test to diagnose hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess the performances of alternative measures of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) to identify hypocretin-deficiency in patients with a complaint of hypersomnolence, including patients with narcolepsy. METHODS: MSLT parameters from 374 drug-free patients with hypersomnolence, with complete clinical and polysomnographic (PSG) assessment and cerebrospinal hypocretin-1 measurement were collected. Conventional (sleep latency, number of sleep onset REM-SOREM-periods) and alternative (sleep duration, REM sleep latency and duration, sleep stage transitions) MSLT measures were compared as function of hypocretin-1 levels (≤110 vs > 110 pg/mL). We performed receiver-operating characteristics analyses to determine the best thresholds of MSLT parameters to identify hypocretin-deficiency in the global population and in subgroups of patients with narcolepsy (i.e. typical cataplexy and/or positive PSG/MSLT criteria, n = 223). RESULTS: Patients with hypocretin-deficiency had shorter mean sleep and REM sleep latencies, longer mean sleep and REM sleep durations and more direct REM sleep transitions during the MSLT. The current standards of MSLT/PSG criteria identified hypocretin-deficient patients with a sensitivity of 0.87 and a specificity of 0.69, and 0.81/0.99 when combined with cataplexy. A mean REM sleep duration ≥ 4.1 min best identified hypocretin-deficiency in patients with hypersomnolence (AUC = 0.932, sensitivity 0.87, specificity 0.86) and ≥ 5.7 min in patients with narcolepsy (AUC = 0.832, sensitivity 0.77, specificity 0.82). CONCLUSION: Compared to the current neurophysiological standard criteria, alternative MSLT parameters would better identify hypocretin-deficiency among patients with hypersomnolence and those with narcolepsy. We highlighted daytime REM sleep duration as a relevant neurophysiological biomarker of hypocretin-deficiency to be used in clinical and research settings.

Cognitive strategies to improve symptoms of restless legs syndrome.

Symptoms of restless legs syndrome are relieved by movement. Whether a cognitive task decreases sensory discomfort remains understudied. We aimed to assess the frequency of patients with restless legs syndrome who report decreased sensory discomfort during cognitive activities, and quantify this decrease during a cognitive task. Three-hundred and fifty-eight consecutive adults with restless legs syndrome (age 55.17 ± 14.62 years; 55.87% women; 27.65% treated) answered the question: "Does the intensity of your restless legs syndrome symptoms decrease when you perform activities other than moving your legs?" rated on a nine-point Likert scale (from fully-agree to totally-disagree). A subgroup of 65 consecutive drug-free patients underwent an 80-min suggested immobilisation test at 20:00 hours to quantify legs discomfort on a visual analogue scale before polysomnography, including 40 patients performing a cognitive task (balloon analogue risk task) from the 60 to 80 min. A total of 130 (36.3%) patients reported a decrease, 158 (44.1%) no decrease, and 70 (19.5%) uncertain changes in severity of restless legs syndrome symptoms during cognitive activities, with a similar proportion whether treated or not. Patients experiencing a decrease had less severe restless legs syndrome symptoms. In the suggested immobilisation test, mixed-effect regression models showed that legs discomfort decreased in patients performing the cognitive task while it continued to increase in those without task, with a larger difference in patients reporting a self-reported decrease in restless legs syndrome during cognitive activities. In conclusion, one-third of patients reported a self-reported decrease of restless legs syndrome symptoms during cognitive activities, this improvement in restless legs syndrome was confirmed during a sustained cognitive task. Cognitive strategies could be implemented for the management of restless legs syndrome.

Changes in Sleep Pattern During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Patients With Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Restless Legs Syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To explore the first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown effect on sleep symptoms in patients with narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia (IH), and restless legs syndrome (RLS). METHODS: Between March and May 2020, a sample of adult patients regularly followed up in a Reference Hospital Sleep Unit (299 with narcolepsy, 260 with IH, and 254 with RLS) was offered an online survey assessing their sleep-wake habits, daily activities, medication intake, and validated scales: International RLS Study Group questionnaire, Narcolepsy Severity Scale (NSS), IH Severity Scale (IHSS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Insomnia Severity Index, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and European Quality of Life (QoL) scale. The survey was proposed once, and the questions were answered for the prelockdown (recall of the month before the confinement) and the lockdown (time of study) periods. RESULTS: Overall, 331 patients completed the survey (response rate 40.7%): 102 with narcolepsy, 81 with IH, and 148 with RLS. All patients reported later bedtimes, with reduced differences for time in bed (TIB) and total sleep time (TST) over 24 hours between weekdays and weekends. Patients with narcolepsy spent more TIB and increased TST overnight, with more daytime napping. They had more awakenings, higher ESS scores, lower QoL, and no NSS changes. Patients with IH also increased their TIB, TST overnight and 24 hours on weekdays. Nocturnal sleep latency and the number of awakenings increased but with no change in ESS, QoL, and IHSS scores. Patients with RLS reported longer nocturnal sleep latency, more awakenings, more naps, decreased TIB, and TST overnight. RLS severity increased while QoL decreased. A significant portion of patients reported disease worsening during the lockdown (narcolepsy: 39.4%, IH: 43.6%, and RLS: 32.8%), and some patients stopped or lowered their medication (narcolepsy: 22.5%, IH: 28%, and RLS: 9.5%). DISCUSSION: During the lockdown, all patients reported later bedtimes; those with narcolepsy and IH extended their sleep duration unlike patients with RLS. These changes were often associated with negative consequences on QoL. In the current context of recurrent COVID-19 waves, the recent development of teleconsultations should enable physicians to monitor patients with chronic sleep disorders more closely and to recommend optimized sleep schedules and duration, in order to prevent psychological problems and improve their QoL.

Linking clinical complaints and objective measures of disrupted nighttime sleep in narcolepsy type 1.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Despite its high frequency in narcolepsy type 1(NT1), disrupted nocturnal sleep (DNS) remains understudied, and its determinants have been poorly assessed. We aimed to determine the clinical, polysomnographic (PSG), and biological variables associated with DNS in a large sample of patients with NT1, and to evaluate the effect of medication on DNS and its severity. METHODS: Two hundred and forty-eight consecutive adult patients with NT1 (145 untreated, 103 treated) were included at the National Reference Center for Narcolepsy-France; 51 drug-free patients were reevaluated during treatment. DNS, assessed with the Narcolepsy Severity Scale (NSS), was categorized in four levels (absent, mild, moderate, severe). Clinical characteristics, validated questionnaires, PSG parameters (sleep fragmentation markers: sleep (SB) and wake bouts (WB), transitions), objective sleepiness, and orexin-A levels were assessed. RESULTS: In drug-free patients, DNS severity was associated with higher scores on NSS, higher sleepiness, anxiety/depressive symptoms, autonomic dysfunction, worse quality of life (QoL). Patients with moderate/severe DNS (59%) had increased sleep onset REM periods, lower sleep efficiency, longer wake after sleep onset, more N1, SB, WB, sleep instability, transitions. In treated patients, DNS was associated with the same clinical data, and antidepressant use; but only with longer REM sleep latency on PSG. During treatment, sleepiness, NSS scores, depressive symptoms decreased, as well as total sleep time, WB, SB, transitions. DNS improved in 55% of patients, without predictors except more baseline anxiety. CONCLUSION: DNS complaint is frequent in NT1, associated with disease severity based on NSS, several PSG parameters, and objective sleepiness in untreated and treated conditions. DNS improves with treatment. We advocate the systematic assessment of this symptom and its inclusion in NT1 management strategy.

Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Thoughts in Restless Legs Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Whether depression and suicide thoughts relate to restless legs syndrome (RLS) or comorbidities associated with RLS remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: To determine frequency of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts in patients with RLS and their change after RLS treatment, associated clinical and polysomnographic factors, and current major depressive episode (MDE) frequency and suicide risk in RLS. METHODS: Overall, 549 untreated patients with RLS and 549 age-, sex-, and education level-matched controls completed a standardized evaluation, including the Beck Depression Inventory-II that has one item on suicide thoughts. Patients underwent a polysomnographic recording and completed the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking Impulsive Behavior scale. In a subgroup of 153 patients, current MDE and suicide risk were assessed with the face-to-face Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A subgroup of 152 patients were evaluated in untreated and treated conditions. RESULTS: The frequency of depressive symptoms (32.5%) and suicidal thoughts (28%) was 10-fold and 3-fold higher, respectively, in patients with RLS than controls. Current MDE (10.5%) and suicidal risk (19.9%) (MINI) were also high. Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms were associated with young age, female sex, insomnia symptoms, and urgency dimension. The suicide risk was associated with depression, impulsiveness, and RLS severity. RLS treatment improved depressive symptoms but not suicidal thoughts. CONCLUSION: The rate of depressive symptoms, depression, and suicidal thoughts/risk was higher in patients with RLS, with key associations with insomnia symptoms, urgency dimension, and RLS severity. These results emphasize the importance of detecting these symptoms in current practice and of evaluating their change after treatment, especially in young women, to improve RLS management. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Narcolepsy with intermediate cerebrospinal level of hypocretin-1.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To describe the phenotype of narcolepsy with intermediate cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 levels (CSF hcrt-1). METHODS: From 1600 consecutive patients with narcolepsy from Bologna and Montpellier sleep centers, we selected patients with intermediate CSF hcrt-1 levels (110-200 pg/mL). Clinical, neurophysiological, and biological data were contrasted for the presence of cataplexy, human leukocyte haplotype (HLA)-DQB1*06:02, and median CSF hcrt-1 levels (149.34 pg/mL). RESULTS: Forty-five (55% males, aged 35 ± 17 years) patients (2.8% of all cases) were included. Thirty-three (73%) were HLA-DQB1*06:02, 29 (64%) reported cataplexy (21, 72.4% with typical features), and 5 (11%) had presumed secondary etiology. Cataplexy was associated with other core narcolepsy symptoms, increased sleep onset rapid eye movement periods, and nocturnal sleep disruption. Cataplexy and irrepressible daytime sleep were more frequent in HLA-DQB1*06:02 positive patients. Lower CSF hcrt-1 levels were associated with hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS: Narcolepsy with intermediate CSF hcrt-1 level is a rare condition with heterogeneous phenotype. HLA-DQB1*06:02 and lower CSF hcrt-1 were associated with typical narcolepsy features, calling for future research to distinguish incomplete from secondary narcolepsy forms.

Sleep inertia measurement with the psychomotor vigilance task in idiopathic hypersomnia.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep inertia is a frequent and disabling symptom in idiopathic hypersomnia (IH), but poorly defined and without objective measures. The study objective was to determine whether the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) can reliably measure sleep inertia in patients with IH or other sleep disorders (non-IH). METHODS: A total of 62 (51 women, mean age: 27.7 ± 9.2) patients with IH and 140 (71 women, age: 33.3 ± 12.1) with non-IH (narcolepsy = 29, non-specified hypersomnolence [NSH] = 47, obstructive sleep apnea = 39, insomnia = 25) were included. Sleep inertia and sleep drunkenness in the last month (M-sleep inertia) and on PVT day (D-sleep inertia) were assessed with three items of the Idiopathic Hypersomnia Severity Scale (IHSS), in drug-free conditions. The PVT was performed four times (07:00 pm, 07:00 am, 07:30 am, and 11:00 am) and three metrics were used: lapses, mean 1/reaction time (RT), and slowest 10% 1/RT. RESULTS: Sleep inertia was more frequent in patients with IH than non-IH (56.5% and 43.6% with severe sleep inertia in the past month, including 24% and 12% with sleep drunkenness). Lapse number increase and slowest 10% 1/RT decrease, particularly at 07:00 am and 07:30 am, were proportional with M-sleep inertia severity, but regardless of sleep drunkenness and sleep disorders. Similar results were obtained when PVT results were compared in patients with/without D-sleep inertia, with the largest increase of the lapse number at 07:00 am and 07:30 am associated with severe sleep inertia and sleep drunkenness. CONCLUSIONS: PVT is a reliable and objective measure of sleep inertia that might be useful for its characterization, management, and follow-up in patients with IH.

Idiopathic Hypersomnia Severity Scale to better quantify symptoms severity and their consequences in idiopathic hypersomnia.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess the responsiveness of the Idiopathic Hypersomnia Severity Scale (IHSS) to medications and estimate the minimum clinically important difference, to report clinically relevant score ranges, and to confirm its psychometric properties and whether items need to be weighted in drug-free and treated patients with idiopathic hypersomnia (IH). METHODS: Two-hundred twenty-six (166 drug-free and 60 treated) patients with IH (cross-sectional sample) completed the 14-item IHSS to quantify the severity of the 3 major IH symptoms (excessive daytime sleepiness, prolonged nighttime sleep, and sleep inertia) and consequences; 77 untreated patients were evaluated again after treatment (longitudinal sample). Patients filled in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Beck Depression Inventory II, and European Quality of Life questionnaires. RESULTS: The IHSS confirmed adequate psychometric properties with a factor analysis indicating a 3-component solution. IHSS total score was lower in treated than untreated patients, with a mean difference of 4-5 points in the cross-sectional and longitudinal samples. Distribution-based methods were used to estimate that 4 points represented the minimum clinically important difference. Four severity levels were defined with between-group differences related to treatment. The probability of having severe sleepiness, depressive symptoms, and low quality of life increased with the severity level. Our results showed that IHSS item-weighting was not necessary. CONCLUSIONS: The IHSS is a valid and reliable tool to quantify IH symptoms, with 4 severity score levels of clinical importance. The IHSS has adequate psychometric properties and can detect symptom changes after treatment. These findings should stimulate its use in clinical settings and in research studies. CITATION: Rassu AL, Evangelista E, Barateau L, et al. Idiopathic Hypersomnia Severity Scale to better quantify symptoms severity and their consequences in idiopathic hypersomnia. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(2):617-629.

Measurement of Narcolepsy Symptoms in School-Aged Children and Adolescents: The Pediatric Narcolepsy Severity Scale.

OBJECTIVE: We validated the Narcolepsy Severity Scale (NSS) in adults with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) to quantify the severity, frequency, and consequences of the 5 key narcolepsy symptoms over the last month, and we now developed the Pediatric NSS (NSS-P); thus, the aims of this study were to assess NSS-P psychometric properties, validity, and reliability, and to evaluate its responsiveness to treatment in a well-characterized sample of children and adolescents with NT1. METHODS: The NSS was reformulated for children, and the item about driving was removed. The total score of the 14-item NSS-P ranges from 0 to 54, and higher scores reflect more severe disease. Children and adolescents (n = 209, 6-17 years of age) with NT1 diagnosed in 2 Reference Centers for Narcolepsy in France were consecutively asked to fill in the NSS-P. The scale was fully and correctly completed by 160 (10-18 years of age, 68 untreated). Moreover, 65 participants completed it twice (33 before/during treatment, and 32 under the same treatment). The NSS-P psychometric properties, score changes before/during treatment, and convergent validity with other clinical parameters were assessed. RESULTS: The NSS-P showed adequate psychometric properties with significant item-total score correlations. Factor analysis indicated a 4-factor solution with good reliability. The NSS-P score was lower in treated than untreated patients with a mean difference of 3.71 ± 1.45, with a minimum clinically important difference between untreated and treated patients in the longitudinal sample estimated at 4 points. Four severity levels were defined (mild, moderate, severe, very severe) with between-group differences related to treatment. The NSS-P total score was associated with self-reported sleepiness, insomnia, and depressive symptoms. Its temporal stability was satisfactory. DISCUSSION: We validated a brief instrument to assess NT1 symptom frequency, severity, and consequences in ≥10-year-old children and adolescents with 4 clinically relevant severity score ranges. This scale constitutes a relevant tool to improve and provide guidance for NT1 management in pediatric populations. The ease of administration, its good psychometric properties, and its sensitivity to detect symptom changes after treatment ensure future use of the NSS-P in clinical and research settings.

Systematic assessment of autonomic symptoms in restless legs syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical features of autonomic dysfunction using the SCOPA-AUT questionnaire in untreated patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) with controls, to identify factors associated with more severe autonomic symptoms, and to assess the effect of medication in patients. METHODS: The SCOPA-AUT questionnaire that evaluates cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urinary, thermoregulatory, pupillomotor, and sexual dysfunctions was completed by 409 consecutive untreated patients with RLS (54.1 ± 14.5 y.o; 265 women) and 331 controls (59.0 ± 17.0; 161 women). Clinical and polysomnographic data were assessed in all patients. A subgroup of 57 patients were evaluated a second time after treatment (mostly dopaminergic agonist) after an interval of 0.88 ± 1.42 year. RESULTS: Compared to controls, untreated patients with RLS were younger, more often women, obese, with increased cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The SCOPA-AUT total score was higher in patients than controls in unadjusted and adjusted models. Patients had more autonomic symptoms in all subdomains of the scale (except for sexual dysfunction in men). These results were confirmed in a subgroup of 259 cases and age-sex-matched controls. Female gender, obesity, RLS severity, diabetes mellitus, CVD, sleepiness, insomnia and depressive symptoms but neither periodic legs movements during sleep (PLMS) nor objective sleep parameters were associated with high scores. Despite RLS and PLMS improvement, medication did not change total and subdomain scores. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with RLS have frequent and large spectrum of autonomic symptoms, without effect of PLMS, sleep fragmentation and medication. These results suggest a global autonomic dysfunction in RLS that should be assessed more systematically in severe patients.

Sleep-related head jerks: toward a new movement disorder.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep-related head jerks (SRHJ) are often considered as a physiological motor phenomenon, occurring mainly during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Their clinical relevance and links with other sleep parameters are unclear. We characterized the clinical and polysomnographic features of patients with excessive SRHJ and compare them with healthy controls and patients with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). METHODS: A total of 30 patients (19 males, 27.5 y.o., 16.0-51.0) with a REM-HJ index >30/h were identified over a period of 5 years. All had a video-polysomnographic (PSG) recording to characterize the SRHJ, to assess associations with other sleep parameters and to quantify phasic and tonic electromyographic activity during REM sleep, compared with 30 healthy controls and 30 patients with iRBD. RESULTS: Five among the 30 patients had a primary complaint of involuntary nighttime head movements associated with sleepiness or non-restorative sleep. The mean REM-HJ index was 57.22/h ± 24.42, a nonperiodic pattern, stable across the sleep cycles, and with a low between-test variability (for the nine patients with two PSG assessments in untreated condition). REM-HJs were often associated with arousals (65.2%) and leg movements (38.1%) and less with respiratory events (9.6%), without association with increased phasic and tonic electromyographic activities. SRHJ were also found in 36.7% of controls and 56.7% of iRBD patients, but with a lower index in REM sleep (0.79/h ± 1.59 and 2.76/h ± 4.57). CONCLUSIONS: Although SRHJ are frequent in the general population and with uncertain clinical significance, rare severe symptomatic forms should be individualized and eventually be categorized as a new sleep-related movement disorder, distinct from RBD and periodic leg movements.

Video-Polysomnographic Assessment for the Diagnosis of Disorders of Arousal in Children.

OBJECTIVES: To highlight the slow-wave sleep (SWS) fragmentation and validate the video-polysomnographic (vPSG) criteria and cutoffs for the diagnosis of disorders of arousal (DOA) in children, as already reported in adults. METHODS: One hundred children (66 boys, 11.0 ± 3.3 years) with frequent episodes of DOA and 50 nonparasomniac children (32 boys, 10.9 ± 3.9 years) underwent vPSG recording to quantify SWS characteristics (number of N3 sleep interruptions, fragmentation index, slow/mixed and fast arousal ratios, and indexes per hour) and associated behaviors. We compared SWS characteristics in the 2 groups and defined the optimal cutoff values for the diagnosis of DOA using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: Patients with DOA had higher amounts of N3 and REM sleep, number of N3 interruptions, SWS fragmentation, and slow/mixed arousal indexes than controls. The highest area under the curve (AUC) values were obtained for SWS fragmentation and slow/mixed arousal indexes with satisfactory classification performances (AUC 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73-0.87; AUC 0.82, 95% CI 0.75-0.89). SWS fragmentation index cutoff value of 4.1/h reached a sensitivity of 65.0% and a specificity of 84.0%. Slow/mixed arousal index cutoff of 3.8/h reached a sensitivity of 69.0% and a specificity of 82.0%. At least one parasomniac episode was recorded in 63.0% of patients and none of the controls. Combining behavioral component by vPSG increased sensitivity of both biomarkers to 83% and 89%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that SWS fragmentation and slow/mixed arousal indexes are 2 relevant biomarkers for the diagnosis of DOA in children, with different cutoffs obtained than those validated in adults. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that SWS fragmentation and slow/mixed arousal indexes on vPSG accurately identify children with DOA.

Characteristics associated with hypersomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness identified by extended polysomnography recording.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Hypersomnolence, defined by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) or excessive quantity of sleep (EQS), has been associated with increased morbidity. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and polysomnographic characteristics associated with EQS and EDS assessed objectively during extended polysomnography recording. METHODS: A total of 266 drug-free subjects (201 women; mean age: 26.5 years [16.08; 60.87]) underwent 32-h bed-rest polysomnography recording preceded by polysomnography and modified multiple sleep latency test (mMSLT). Participants were categorized according to their total sleep time (bed-rest TST ≥19 h, hypersomnia), objective EDS (mean sleep latency on MSLT ≤8 min), and self-reported EDS (Epworth sleepiness scale score >10) and EQS (≥9 h/24 h per week). RESULTS: Subjects with hypersomnia were often younger, with normal sleep architecture, high nighttime sleep efficiency, and severe objective EDS. No association with sex, body mass index, Epworth sleepiness scale, EQS, and depressive symptoms was detected. Subjects with objective EDS had less EQS, higher sleep efficiency, and increased hypersomnia. Discrepancies were observed between objective and self-reported measures of sleep duration and EDS. Finally, 71 subjects were identified who had objective hypersomnia and/or EDS, no medical and psychiatric conditions and normal polysomnography parameters, and therefore met the stringent criteria of idiopathic hypersomnia, an orphan disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep duration and EDS should be quantified using self-reported and objective measures in a controlled procedure to differentiate long sleepers, patients with hypersomnia, and patients with idiopathic hypersomnia. This will help to better understand their biology, to identify specific biomarkers, and to assess related health outcomes.

Depression and suicidal thoughts in untreated and treated narcolepsy: Systematic analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency and determinants of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts in adults with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and controls, as well as the changes after NT1 management and the risk factors of major depressive episode (MDE) and suicide risk (SR) in NT1. METHODS: Two hundred ninety-seven patients with NT1 (age 39 ± 17 years, 172 drug-free) and 346 controls (age 38 ± 16 years) underwent a comprehensive clinical evaluation including the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) self-questionnaire, with 1 item on suicidal thoughts. One hundred one drug-free patients with NT1 completed the BDI-II a second time during treatment. In 162 patients with NT1, the face-to-face Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was performed to formally diagnose current MDE and SR. RESULTS: BDI-II total scores were higher in patients with NT1 than controls and in untreated than treated patients. Patients with moderate to severe BDI-II scores (24.9%) were less educated, were more frequently obese, and had more severe narcolepsy symptoms, more autonomic dysfunctions, and poorer quality of life. Results were unchanged in models adjusted for NT1 medication intake. Suicidal thoughts were more frequent in untreated patients than controls (22.7% vs 12.4%). Patients with suicidal thoughts were more likely to be men and to have more severe narcolepsy symptoms. After narcolepsy management, BDI-II total score and suicidal thoughts decreased. MDE was diagnosed in 29 (18.1%) and SR in 27 (16.9%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Depression, depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, and SR were frequent in patients with NT1, especially those without treatment, and were associated with NT1 severity. Depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts improved after NT1 management.

Increased Blood Pressure Dipping in Restless Legs Syndrome With Rotigotine: A Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the rotigotine effect on the nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dip by 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring and on endothelial function in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) compared with placebo. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 76 adult patients with moderate to severe RLS and periodic legs movements in sleep index ≥10/hour were randomized to rotigotine at optimal dose of 3 mg per day or placebo for 6 weeks. A total of 6 patients had a major protocol deviation. Polysomnography, ambulatory BP monitoring, and endothelial function were assessed at baseline and end point. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in the percentage of BP nondipper profiles at end point. The main secondary outcomes were the mean BP dip, periodic legs movements in sleep index, and endothelial function. RESULTS: Of the 70 patients (age, 59.4 ± 11.40; 43 women) randomized to rotigotine (n = 34) and placebo (n = 36), 66 (33 rotigotine, 33 placebo) completed the study. The percentage of BP nondippers at end point was higher in the placebo than in the rotigotine group (systolic BP, 72.22% vs 47.06%; diastolic BP, 47.22% vs 20.59%; P < 0.05). Mean BP dip at end point was higher in the rotigotine than in the placebo group (systolic BP, 11.24 ± 6.15 vs 6.12 ± 7.98; diastolic BP, 15.12 ± 7.09 vs 9.36 ± 10.23; P < 0.05). Endothelial function was comparable between the groups. No significant safety concerns were reported with similar incidences of adverse events between groups. CONCLUSION: Rotigotine increased the percentage of BP dipper profiles and the BP dip in patients with RLS. Future studies should assess whether this change is associated with a reduction in the long-term cardiovascular risk in RLS. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Association of CSF orexin-A levels and nocturnal sleep stability in patients with hypersomnolence.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the associations between CSF orexin-A (ORX) levels and markers of nocturnal sleep stability, assessed by polysomnography. METHODS: Nocturnal polysomnography data and ORX levels of 300 drug-free participants (55% men, 29.9±15.5 years, ORX level 155.1±153.7 pg/mL) with hypersomnolence were collected. Several markers of nocturnal sleep stability were analyzed: sleep and wake bouts and sleep/wake transitions. Groups were categorized according to ORX levels, in 2 categories (deficient ≤110; >110), in tertiles (≤26, 26-254, >254), and compared using logistic regression models. Results were adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. RESULTS: We found higher number of wake bouts (43 vs 25, p < 0.0001), sleep bouts (43 vs 25.5, p < 0.0001), and index of sleep bouts/hour of sleep time, but lower index of wake bouts/hour of wake time (41.4 vs 50.6, p < 0.0001), in patients with ORX deficiency. The percentage of wake bouts <30 seconds was lower (51.3% vs 60.8%, p < 0.001) and of wake bouts ≥1 minutes 30 seconds higher (7.7% vs 6.7%, p = 0.02) when ORX deficient. The percentage of sleep bouts ≤14 minutes was higher (2-5 minutes: 23.7% vs 16.1%, p < 0.0001), and of long sleep bouts lower (>32 minutes 30 seconds: 7.3% vs 18.3%, p < 0.0001), when ORX deficient. These findings were confirmed when groups were categorized according to ORX tertiles, with a dose-response effect of ORX levels in post hoc comparisons, and in adjusted models. INTERPRETATION: This study shows an association between ORX levels and nocturnal sleep stabilization in patients with hypersomnolence. Sleep and wake bouts are reliable markers of nighttime sleep stability that correlate with CSF ORX levels in a dose-dependent manner.